Working Hours
Working Time The EU working time directives lay down general requirements in relation to the organization of working time. It deals with provisions of daily, weekly, rest, annual leave, night work and shift work. ...
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White Paper on Withdrawal
Approach to Brexit The United Kingdom Government published its White Paper on Brexit and New Partnership with the European Union in February 2017. The White Paper points out that it is in no one’s interest for there ...
Information and Consultation
Terms of Employment The EU has enacted a number of directives designed to keep employees informed of basic information in respect of their employment. There is a directive which requires that employees be told ...
Employment Equality
Early Developments and Gender Pay The EU treaty provides the principle of equality of treatment in employment. The provisions of equality have had a dramatic effect on employment equality through the European Union. ...
Withdrawal Negotiations
Initiation of Process On 29 June 2016, the EU heads of state/government in response to the referendum indicated that no negotiations could commence before Article 50 was triggered. In October 2016, the UK Prime ...
Principles of EU Law
General Principles of EU Law General principles of European law are unwritten rules used and applied in the interpretation of European Union law. They involve principles of justice and principles designed to protect ...
EU Laws
Treaties The European Union treatises are the constitution of the European Union and set out its powers and functions. They are the primary source of law. The Union must only act in accordance with the competences ...
Effect of EU Law
Overview Community law becomes part of national law through a number of mechanisms. In some legal systems, international treaties can become part of domestic law through a process of ratification. In other states, ...
European Parliament
Overview and Development The European Parliament was originally constituted as the Assembly of the European Community. Its role has been progressively enhanced during the existence of the European Communities and ...
Northern Ireland’s Status
Northern Ireland and Devolution Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland have been separate legal jurisdictions since May 1921. Northern Ireland has also remained a separate jurisdiction from the rest of the ...
Ukraine DCFTA
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements The European neighbourhood policy seeks to provide comprehensive agreements with countries which politically are not in the position to join the EU whether for ...
Withdrawal Process Issues
Framework for Negotiations The European Council has set the framework for the EU’s negotiating position. The talks are led by the European Commission’s chief negotiator. The European parliament observes ...
CETA The EU-Canada Trade Agreement
Trade in Goods The recently concluded Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada was negotiated over an eight-year period. The EU-Canada agreement further liberalises trade in almost all sectors. It ...
WTO Institutions & Dispute Resolution
The WTO The Uruguay Round led to the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1994/5, which is now the overarching governing body. The World Trade Organization comprises a ministerial conference that meets every ...
UK Proposals on NI (August 2017)
Context In August 2017, the UK published a position paper on various issues in relation to the Brexit negotiations and in particular the issue of border arrangements within the island of Ireland. It emphasised the ...
EU Draft Protocol on NI (Mar 2018 Draft)
Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Negotiations on the border have continued to be separated from other withdrawal issues. In June 2017 when formal negotiations began, talks on the border were separated into a ...
WTO and Subsidies
Subsidies Article XVI of GATT provides that if a state party to the agreement grants any subsidy, which operates directly or indirectly to increase exports of any product from or to reduce imports of products into a ...
EU-Japan Economic Partnership
Tariffs- Trade in Goods Market Access Japan will liberalise 91% of its imports from the EU at entry into force. At the end of the staging period 99% of its imports from the EU will be liberalised, while the remaining ...
Regulation / Barriers and World Trade
Regulation and Barriers to Trade As the European Union experience shows, internal regulations may constitute a very significant barrier to trade. The country of import may point to their standards as being in their ...
Transit
Transit Procedures Transit procedures facilitate the free movement of goods through the EU and third countries, by temporarily suspending duties and charges until they reach their final destination. There are three ...