EUROPEAN COMMISSION
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL TAXATION AND CUSTOMS UNION
Brussels, 16 April 2020
REV2 – replaces the notice (REV1) dated 27 March 2019
NOTICE TO STAKEHOLDERS
WITHDRAWAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND EU RULES IN THE FIELD OF
VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) FOR GOODS
INTRODUCTION
Since 1 February 2020, the United Kingdom has withdrawn from the European Union and has become a ‘third country’.1 The Withdrawal Agreement2 provides for a transition period ending on 31 December 2020.3 Until that date, EU law in its entirety applies to and in the United Kingdom.4
During the transition period, the EU and the United Kingdom will negotiate an agreement on a new partnership, providing notably for a free trade area. However, it is not certain whether such an agreement will be concluded and will enter into force at the end of the transition period. In any event, such an agreement would create a relationship which in terms of market access conditions will be very different from the United
1 A third country is a country not member of the EU.
2 Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, OJ L 29, 31.1.2020, p. 7 (“Withdrawal Agreement”).
3 The transition period may, before 1 July 2020, be extended once for up to 1 or 2 years (Article 132(1) of the Withdrawal Agreement). The UK government has so far ruled out such an extension.
4 Subject to certain exceptions provided for in Article 127 of the Withdrawal Agreement, none of which is relevant in the context of this notice.
Kingdom’s participation in the internal market,5 in the EU Customs Union, and in the VAT and excise duty area .
Therefore, all interested parties, and especially economic operators, are reminded of the legal situation applicable as of the end of the transition period (Part A below). This notice also explains certain relevant separation provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement (Part B below), as well as the rules applicable to Northern Ireland as of the end of the transition period (Part C below).
5 In particular, a free trade agreement does not provide for internal market concepts (in the area of goods and services) such as mutual recognition, the ‘country of origin principle’, and harmonisation. Nor does a free trade agreement remove customs formalities and controls, including those concerning the origin of goods and their input, as well as prohibitions and restrictions for imports and exports.
6 https://ec.europa.eu/info/european-union-and-united-kingdom-forging-new-partnership/future- partnership/preparing-end-transition-period_en
A. LEGAL SITUATION AS OF THE END OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
As of the end of the transition period, the EU rules in the field of VAT, and in particular Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax10 (hereafter the ‘VAT Directive’) and Council Directive 2008/9/EC of 12 February 2008 laying down detailed rules for the refund of value added tax, provided for in Directive 2006/112/EC, to taxable persons not established in the Member State of refund but established in another Member State11, no longer apply to and in the United Kingdom.12 This has in particular the following consequences concerning the treatment of taxable transactions in goods (see below, 1) and VAT refunds (see below, 2):
1. VAT RULES FOR CROSS-BORDER SUPPLIES OF GOODS
EU VAT legislation provides for different VAT regimes for cross-border supplies/acquisitions and movements to/from Member States and third countries or territories.
As of the end of the transition period, the EU rules for cross-border supplies and movements between Member States will no longer apply in the relations between Member States and the United Kingdom (e.g. no intra-EU supplies and acquisitions of goods; no distance sales13 regime for goods to and from the United Kingdom).
Instead, as of the end of the transition period, supplies and movements of goods between the EU and the United Kingdom will be subject to the VAT rules on imports and exports. This implies that goods which are brought into the VAT territory of the EU from the United Kingdom or are to be taken out of that territory for dispatch or transport to the United Kingdom, will be subject to customs
7 See the specific notice on ‘online purchase with subsequent parcel delivery’ (https://ec.europa.eu/info/european-union-and-united-kingdom-forging-new-partnership/future- partnership/preparing-end-transition-period_en).
8 https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/explanatory_notes_2020_quick_fixes_en.pdf
9 https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/vat_en
10 OJ L 347, 11.12.2006, p. 1.
11 OJ L 44, 20.2.2008, p. 23.
12 Regarding the applicability of the EU VAT law for goods to Northern Ireland, see Part C of this notice.
13 Article 14(4) of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
supervision and may be subject to customs controls in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code.14
• VAT will be due at the importation in the EU15, at the rate that applies to the supplies of the same goods within the EU.16 VAT will be payable to customs authorities at the time of importation, unless the Member State of importation allows to enter import VAT in the periodical VAT return of the taxable person.17 The taxable amount is based on the value for customs purposes, but increased by
(a) taxes, duties, levies and other charges due outside the Member State of importation, and those due by reason of importation, excluding the VAT to be levied, and (b) incidental expenses, such as commission, packing, transport and insurance costs, incurred up to the first place of destination within the territory of the Member State of importation as well as those resulting from transport to another place of destination within the EU, if that other place is known when the chargeable event occurs.18
• The customs export procedure will be obligatory for Union goods leaving the EU customs territory. First the exporter will present the goods and a pre- departure declaration (customs declaration, re-export declaration, exit summary declaration) at the customs office responsible for the place where he is established or where the goods are packed or loaded for export shipment (customs office of export). Subsequently, the goods will be presented at the customs office of exit which may examine the goods presented based on the information received from the customs office of export and will supervise their physical exit out of the EU customs territory.
Goods will be exempt from VAT if they are dispatched or transported to a destination outside the EU.19 The supplier of exported goods must be able to prove that the goods have left the EU. In this regard, Member States generally base themselves on the certification of exit given to the exporter by the customs office of export.
• As of 1 January 2021, an optional import scheme will be implemented covering distance sales of goods20 imported from third countries or territories to customers in the EU up to a value of EUR 150.21
14 OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p. 1.
15 Article 2(1)(d) of the VAT Directive.
16 Article 94(2) of the VAT Directive.
17 Article 211 of the VAT Directive.
18 Articles 85 and 86 of the VAT Directive.
19 Article 146 of the VAT Directive.
20 Except products subject to excise duties.
21 Section 4 of Chapter 6 under Title XII of the VAT Directive.
The seller will charge and collect the VAT at the point of sale to EU customers and declare and pay that VAT globally to the Member State of identification via a One-Stop-Shop (OSS). These goods will then benefit from a VAT exemption upon importation, allowing a fast release at customs.
A taxable person established outside the EU wishing to make use of this special scheme will be obliged to appoint an intermediary established in the EU (e.g. a courier, postal operator or customs agent), unless it is established in a country with which the EU has concluded an agreement on mutual assistance and from which it carries out the distance sales of goods.
Additionally, also with effect from 1 January 2021, where the import OSS is not used, a second simplification mechanism will be available for imports in consignments of an intrinsic value not exceeding EUR 150. Import VAT due in respect of goods for which the dispatch or transport ends in the Member State of importation will be collected from customers by the customs declarant (e.g. a courier, postal operator or customs agents) which will pay it to the customs authorities via a monthly payment.22
As of 1 January 2021, together with the introduction of the import scheme, the current VAT exemption for goods in small consignment of a value of up to EUR 22 will be abolished.23
2. VAT REFUNDS
VAT refunds by Member States to taxable persons established outside the EU are subject to the following conditions24:
• The request must be submitted directly to the Member State from which the refund is requested, in accordance with the arrangements determined by that Member State (Article 3(1) of the Thirteenth Council Directive 86/560/EEC of 17 November 1986 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Arrangements for the refund of value added tax to taxable persons not established in Community territory25 – hereafter ’13th VAT Directive’);
• The VAT refund may be subject to a reciprocity condition (meaning that the refund is only permitted if VAT refund is also granted by the third country or territory to taxable persons established in the Member State concerned (Article 2(2) of the 13th VAT Directive);
22 Article 369y of the VAT Directive.
23 Article 23 of Council Directive 2009/132/EC.
24 Further information on: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/vat/eu-vat-rules-topic/vat- refunds_en
25 OJ L 326, 21.11.1986, p. 40.
• Each Member State may require the taxable person established in a third country or territory to designate a tax representative in order to obtain the VAT refund (Article 2(3) of the 13th VAT Directive).
Subject to the Withdrawal Agreement,26 as of the end of the transition period these rules apply to refunds by Member States to taxable persons established in the United Kingdom.27
B. RELEVANT SEPARATION PROVISIONS OF THE WITHDRAWAL AGREEMENT
1. DISPATCH OR TRANSPORT OF GOODS BETWEEN THE EU AND THE UNITED KINGDOM WHERE IT STARTED BEFORE THE END OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD, BUT ENDED THEREAFTER
The dispatch or transport of goods from the United Kingdom to the territory of a Member State (or vice versa) may start before the end of the transition period but end after that transition period, whereby the goods arrive at the EU border (or respectively the UK border) after the transition period.
According to Article 51(1) of the Withdrawal Agreement, these transactions will still be considered for VAT purposes as intra-EU transactions (intra-EU supplies and acquisitions of goods, or B2C28 supplies of goods taxable in the country of destination (distance sales of goods) or of origin) and not as exports/imports.
After the end of the transition period, those ongoing movements of goods will, however, have to be presented to customs at the border of the EU and of the United Kingdom. Customs authorities may request the importer to prove, by means of a transport document, that the dispatch or transport started before the end of the transition period.
The reporting obligations related to these transactions provided for in the VAT Directive such as the submission of recapitulative statements will still apply.
2. REIMPORTATION OF GOODS AFTER THE END OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
According to Article 51(2) of the Withdrawal Agreement, the taxable person’s rights and obligations under EU VAT law continue to apply where the transaction between the United Kingdom and the EU took place before the end of the transition period.
26 See below, part B of this notice.
27 These rules are also applicable to taxable persons established in Northern Ireland as regards the refund of VAT paid on services in the Member States.
28 Business to Consumers.
Article 143(1)(e) of the VAT Directive provides for an exemption from VAT of the reimportation, by the person who exported them, of goods in the state in which they were exported, where those goods are exempt from customs duties.29
Thus, where goods had been transported or dispatched from one of the Member States to the United Kingdom before the end of the transition period and are returned in an unaltered state30 from the United Kingdom to the EU after the end of the transition period, these movements are considered as reimportations according to Article 143(1)(e) of the VAT Directive. Provided the other conditions of Article 143(1)(e) of the VAT Directive are fulfilled,31 the import is VAT exempted.
3. REFUND REQUESTS RELATING TO VAT PAID BEFORE THE END OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
According to Article 51(3) of the Withdrawal Agreement, a taxable person established in one of the Member States or in the United Kingdom is still to use the electronic portal set up by his State of establishment, in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2008/9/EC, for submitting an electronic refund application that relates to VAT which was paid in, respectively, the United Kingdom or a Member State, before the end of the transition period32.
The application is to be submitted, under the conditions of the Directive, at the latest on 31 March 2021.
The other rules provided for in the VAT Directive and Directive 2008/9/EC will continue to apply, until 5 years after the end of the transition, to these refund applications and the previous ones relating to VAT chargeable33 before the end of the transition period.
C. APPLICABLE RULES ON VAT FOR GOODS IN NORTHERN IRELAND AFTER THE END OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
1. INTRODUCTION
As from the end of the transition period, the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (‘IE/NI Protocol’) applies.34 The IE/NI Protocol is subject to periodic consent of the
29 See the guidance note on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom and customs related matters relevant at the end of the transition period.
30 In accordance with Article 203(5) of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013.
31 In particular, the return has to take place within a period of three years, cf. Article 203(1) of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013.
32 These rules are also applicable to taxable persons established in Northern Ireland as regards the refund of VAT paid on services in the Member States.
33 Article 14 of Directive 2008/9/EC.
34 Article 185 of the Withdrawal Agreement.
Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly, the initial period of application extending to 4 years after the end of the transition period.35
The IE/NI Protocol makes certain provisions of EU law applicable also to and in the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland. In the IE/NI Protocol, the EU and the United Kingdom have furthermore agreed that insofar as EU rules apply to and in the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland is treated as if it were a Member State.36
The IE/NI Protocol provides that EU VAT rules concerning goods apply to and in the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland.37 This means that references to the EU in Parts A and B of this notice have to be understood as including Northern Ireland, whereas references to the United Kingdom have to be understood as referring only to Great Britain.
Transactions involving services are not covered by the IE/NI Protocol. This means that transactions in services between Member States and Northern Ireland will be treated as transactions between Member States and third countries/territories.38
This will have in particular the following consequences:
• Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and Member States will be considered as intra-EU transactions;
• Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and other parts of the United Kingdom will be considered as imports/exports;
• Taxable persons established in Northern Ireland will be able to use the One- Stop-Shop (OSS) for declaring and paying the VAT due on their intra-EU distance sales of goods from Northern Ireland (or from Member States) to customers in the Member States (or in Northern Ireland);
• Taxable persons established in the Member States will be able to use the One-Stop-Shop (OSS) for declaring and paying the VAT due on their intra- EU distance sales of goods from Member States to customers in Northern Ireland;
• Taxable persons established in Northern Ireland will be able to request a refund of the VAT paid in the Member States under the refund procedure established by Council Directive 2008/9/EC, insofar as the refund relates to VAT which they have paid on acquisitions of goods;
• Taxable persons established in the Member States will be able to request a refund of the VAT paid in Northern Ireland under the refund procedure
35 Article 18 of the IE/NI Protocol.
36 Article 7(1) of the Withdrawal Agreement in conjunction with Article 13(1) of the IE/NI Protocol.
37 Article 8 of the IE/NI Protocol and section 1 of annex 3 to that Protocol.
38 Article 8 of the IE/NI Protocol and section 1 of annex 3 to the IE/NI Protocol.
established by Council Directive 2008/9/EC, insofar as the refund relates to VAT which they have paid on acquisitions of goods.
However, the IE/NI Protocol excludes the possibility for the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland to participate in the decision-making and decision- shaping of the Union.39
The VAT treatment of taxable transactions and the VAT refunds rules are further detailed in the respective sections 2 and 3 below.
2. VAT RULES FOR SUPPLIES OF GOODS
As of the end of the transition period, all EU VAT rules concerning transactions in goods (supplies of goods, intra-EU acquisitions of goods and exportations/importations of goods) will continue to apply in Northern Ireland as if it were a Member State of the EU. This means, for instance, that the place of taxation, the chargeable event and chargeability of VAT, the taxable amount, the VAT rates, the exemptions, the deduction rules or the obligations applicable will be those provided for in the VAT Directive as regards goods, as they will be implemented in Northern Ireland. The standard VAT treatment that will be applicable to transactions in goods is detailed below.
2.1. Supplies of goods within Northern Ireland
VAT will be due on supplies of goods that will take place in Northern Ireland40 at the rate applicable in Northern Ireland.41
2.2. Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and the Member States
Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and Member States will be considered as intra-EU transactions.
All EU rules applying to cross-border supplies and movements of goods between the Member States will also apply in the relations between Northern Ireland and the Member States (e.g. intra-EU supplies and acquisitions of goods, distance sales regime for goods to and from Northern Ireland).
39 Where an information exchange or mutual consultation is necessary, this will take place in the joint consultative working group established by Article 15 of the IE/NI Protocol.
40 Article 2(1)(a) of the VAT Directive.
41 Article 93 of the VAT Directive.
2.2.1. Intra-EU supplies and acquisitions of goods (B2B42 transactions)
2.2.1.1. Goods moving from Northern Ireland to a Member State
An intra-EU supply of goods will take place in Northern Ireland if the goods are dispatched or transported by (or on behalf of) the supplier or the customer from Northern Ireland to a Member State. The customer will make a corresponding intra‑EU acquisition in the Member State of destination of the goods.
Where the conditions are fulfilled, the intra-EU supply will be exempt from VAT in Northern Ireland43. The corresponding intra‑EU acquisition made by the customer in the Member State of destination of the goods will be taxed at the rate and under the conditions applicable in that Member State.44
2.2.1.2. Goods moving from a Member State to Northern Ireland
An intra-EU supply of goods will take place in the Member State of departure of the goods if the goods are dispatched or transported by (or on behalf of) the supplier or the customer from that Member State to Northern Ireland. The customer will make a corresponding intra‑EU acquisition in Northern Ireland.
Where the conditions are fulfilled, the intra-EU supply will be exempt from VAT in the Member State of departure45. The corresponding intra‑EU acquisition made by the customer in Northern Ireland will be taxed at the rate and under the conditions applicable in Northern Ireland.46
2.2.2. Intra-EU distance sales of goods (B2C transactions)
2.2.2.1. Goods moving from Northern Ireland to a Member State
When goods (to the exclusion of new means of transport and goods supplied after assembly or installation by or on behalf of the supplier) are dispatched or transported by or on behalf of the supplier from Northern Ireland to a
42 Business to Business.
43 Article 138 and 139 of the VAT Directive.
44 Article 2(1)(b) and Articles 40 to 42 of the VAT Directive.
45 Article 138 and 139 of the VAT Directive.
46 Article 2(1)(b) and Articles 40 to 42 of the VAT Directive.
Member State and qualify as ‘distance sales’47, VAT will be due in the Member State of destination of these goods48, at the rate applicable in that Member State.
Taxable persons established in Northern Ireland will be able to use the One-Stop-Shop (OSS)49 available in Northern Ireland for declaring and paying the VAT due on their intra-EU distance sales of goods to the Member States.
2.2.2.2. Goods moving from a Member State to Northern Ireland
When goods (to the exclusion of new means of transport and goods supplied after assembly or installation by or on behalf of the supplier) are dispatched or transported by or on behalf of the supplier from a Member State to Northern Ireland and qualify as ‘distance sales’50, VAT will be due in Northern Ireland51, at the rate applicable in Northern Ireland.
Taxable persons established in the Member States will be able to use the One-Stop-Shop (OSS)52 available in their Member State for declaring and paying the VAT due on their intra-EU distance sales of goods to Northern Ireland.
2.2.3. Goods installed or assembled
2.2.3.1. Goods installed or assembled in a Member State
When goods dispatched or transported by the supplier, by the customer or by a third person from Northern Ireland to a Member State are installed or assembled, by or on behalf of the supplier, VAT will be due in that Member State.53
47 Article 14(4) of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
48 Article 33 of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
49 Article 369bis to Article 369k of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
50 Article 14(4) of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
51 Article 33 of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
52 Article 369bis to Article 369k of the VAT Directive introduced by Council Directive (EU) 2017/2455 of 5 December 2017 and applicable as of 1 January 2021.
53 Article 36 of the VAT Directive.
2.2.3.2. Goods installed or assembled in Northern Ireland
When goods dispatched or transported by the supplier, by the customer or by a third person from a Member State to Northern Ireland are installed or assembled, by or on behalf of the supplier, VAT will be due in Northern Ireland.54
2.2.4. New means of transport
2.2.4.1. New means of transport moving from Northern Ireland to a Member State
The supply of new means of transport55, dispatched or transported from Northern Ireland to a Member State will be exempt from VAT in Northern Ireland56. The corresponding intra-EU acquisition of the new means of transport57 will be taxed in the Member State of destination of that new means of transport58 at the rate applicable in that Member State. More information can be found at:
https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/individuals/car- taxation/buying-selling-cars_en
2.2.4.2. New means of transport moving from a Member State to Northern Ireland
The supply of new means of transport59, dispatched or transported from a Member State to Northern Ireland will be exempt from VAT in the Member State of departure60. The corresponding intra-EU acquisition of the new means of transport61 will be taxed in Northern Ireland62 at the rate applicable in Northern Ireland.
More information can be found at:
54 Article 36 of the VAT Directive.
55 Article 2(2) of the VAT Directive.
56 Article 138(1) and (2)(a) of the VAT Directive.
57 Article 20 of the VAT Directive.
58 Article 2(1)(b)(i) and (ii) and Article 40 of the VAT Directive.
59 Article 2(2) of the VAT Directive.
60 Article 138(1) and (2)(a) of the VAT Directive.
61 Article 20 of the VAT Directive.
62 Article 2(1)(b)(i) and (ii) and Article 40 of the VAT Directive.
https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/individuals/car- taxation/buying-selling-cars_en
2.3. Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and third countries/territories or other parts of the United Kingdom
Transactions involving movements of goods between Northern Ireland and third countries/territories and between Northern Ireland and other parts of the United Kingdom will be subject to the VAT rules on imports and exports.
Goods that are brought into Northern Ireland from third countries/territories or from other parts of the United Kingdom or that are to be taken out of Northern Ireland for dispatch or transport to third countries/territories or others parts of the United Kingdom, will be subject to customs supervision and may be subject to customs controls in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code.
2.3.1. Goods brought into Northern Ireland from third counties/territories or from other parts of the United Kingdom
VAT will be due on the importation of goods63 in Northern Ireland64 from third countries/territories or from other parts of the United Kingdom, at the rate that applies to the supplies of the same goods in Northern Ireland.65
VAT will be payable to customs authorities at the time of importation, unless the United Kingdom allows to enter import VAT in the periodical VAT return of the taxable person.66
The taxable amount will be based on the value for customs purposes, increased by (a) taxes, duties, levies and other charges due outside the Member State of importation, and those due by reason of importation, excluding the VAT to be levied, and (b) incidental expenses, such as commission, packing, transport and insurance costs, incurred up to the first place of destination within the territory of the Member State of importation as well as those resulting from transport to another place of destination within the EU, if that other place is known when the chargeable event occurs.67
These importations will be exempted from VAT if the taxable persons make use of One-Stop-Shop (OSS)68 for declaring and
63 Article 2(1)(d) of the VAT Directive.
64 Articles 60 and 61 of the VAT Directive.
65 Article 94(2) of the VAT Directive.
66 Article 211 of the VAT Directive.
67 Articles 85 and 86 of the VAT Directive.
68 Articles 369l to 369x of the VAT Directive.
paying the VAT due on their distance sales of goods (except products subject to excise duties) imported from third countries/territories or from other parts of the United Kingdom to customers in the Member States or Northern Ireland, in consignments of an intrinsic value not exceeding EUR 150.
If the taxable persons are not established in the Member States or in Northern Ireland, to be able to make use of the special scheme, they will have to be represented by an intermediary established in the EU, unless they are established in a country with which the EU has concluded an agreement on mutual assistance and from which he is carrying out the distance sales of goods.
Where the special scheme is not used for the importation of goods, except products subject to excise duties, in consignments of an intrinsic value not exceeding EUR 150, the customs declarant in Northern Ireland will be allowed to report electronically the VAT due in respect of goods for which the dispatch or transport ends in Northern Ireland in a monthly declaration and pay it via a monthly payment.69
2.3.2. Goods taken out of Northern Ireland to third countries/territories or to other parts of the United Kingdom
Goods will be exempt from VAT in Northern Ireland if they are dispatched or transported from Northern Ireland to a third country/territory or to another part of the United Kingdom70. The supplier of exported goods must be able to prove that the goods have left Northern Ireland to a destination in a third country/territory or in another part of the United Kingdom. In this regard, the competent authorities could base themselves on the certification of exit given to the exporter by the customs office of export.
2.4. Recapitulative table
The table below summarises the VAT treatment linked to the different possible scenarios. The following acronyms are used for didactical purpose:
EU: the EU Member States;
GB: Great Britain i.e. the United Kingdom with the exception of Northern Ireland;
MS: Member State;
NI: Northern Ireland;
Third country: any non-EU country which is not the United Kingdom.
69 Articles 369y to 369zb of the VAT Directive.
70 Article 146 of the VAT Directive.
Goods moving from/to VAT treatment
GB to EU Importation in the concerned MS
EU to GB Exportation in the concerned MS
GB to NI Importation in NI
NI to GB Exportation in NI
NI to EU Intra-EU transaction
EU to NI Intra-EU transaction
Third country to NI Importation in NI
NI to third country Exportation in NI
2.5. Goods dispatched or transported from or to Northern Ireland before the end of the transition period
There may be situations where goods are dispatched or transported from or to Northern Ireland before the end of the transition period, but where these goods arrive to their final destination only after the end of the transition period.
Where the dispatch or transport of goods started in Northern Ireland before the end of the transition period and ends in a Member State thereafter (or vice versa), there will be no change in the VAT treatment of this movement that will continue to be considered as an intra-EU transaction.
Where the dispatch or transport of goods started in Northern Ireland before the end of the transition period and ends in another part of the United Kingdom thereafter (or vice versa), the relevant rules of the Withdrawal Agreement71 apply: there will be no change in the VAT treatment of this movement that will continue to be considered as a domestic transaction taking place in the United Kingdom.
After the end of the transition period, those ongoing movements of goods from another part of the United Kingdom will however have to be presented to customs authorities in Northern Ireland. Taxable persons must be able to prove that the transaction took place under this particular circumstance, i.e. that the dispatch or transport of goods started before the end of the transition period and ended thereafter. Customs authorities may request the importer to prove the customs status of the goods as Union goods and, by means of a transport document, that the dispatch or transport started before the end of the transition period.
3. VAT REFUNDS
EU VAT legislation provides for different regimes of VAT refunds to taxable persons not established in the Member State in which they have paid VAT. This
71 Article 51 of the Withdrawal Agreement and Article 13(1), subparagraphs 2 and 3, of the IE/NI Protocol.
depends on whether the taxable person is established in the EU or in a third country/territory.
According to the IE/NI Protocol, the EU rules for VAT refunds will be applicable in and to Northern Ireland72 to the extent that they relate to purchases of goods or imported goods. They are detailed below.
3.1. Taxable persons established in Northern Ireland with VAT paid on purchases of goods or imported goods in a Member State
Taxable persons established in Northern Ireland can request a Member State where they are not established to refund the VAT paid there.73 The standard procedure applies, in particular:
• The refund request must be submitted electronically to the authorities competent in Northern Ireland at the latest on 30 September of the year following the refund period (Article 15 of Directive 2008/9/EC);
• The refund request must be forwarded by the authorities competent in Northern Ireland to the Member State of refund within 15 days (Article 48(1) of Council Regulation (EU) No 904/201074);
• The Member State of refund must take a decision on the refund request within 4 months (Article 19(2) of Directive 2008/9/EC); if the refund application is approved, the refund must be paid within 4 months + 10 working days (Article 22 of Directive 2008/9/EC); these periods can be prolonged if the Member State of refund asks additional information (Article 21 of Directive 2008/9/EC).
3.2. Taxable persons established in a Member State with VAT paid on purchases of goods or imported goods in Northern Ireland
Taxable persons established in a Member State (provided they are not established in Northern Ireland) can request to the authorities competent in Northern Ireland to refund the VAT paid there75. The following standard procedure applies, in particular:
• The refund request must be submitted electronically to the Member State of establishment at the latest on 30 September of the year following the refund period (Article 15 of Directive 2008/9/EC);
72 Article 8 of the IE/NI Protocol and section 1 of annex 3 to that Protocol.
73 Articles 170 and 171 of the VAT Directive.
74 Council Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 of 7 October 2010 on administrative cooperation and combating fraud in the field of value added tax, OJ L 268, 12.10.2010, p. 1.
75 Articles 170 and 171 of the VAT Directive.
• The refund request must be forwarded by the Member State of establishment to the authorities competent in Northern Ireland within 15 days (Article 48(1) of Council Regulation (EU) No 904/201076);
• The authorities competent in Northern Ireland must take a decision on the refund request within 4 months (Article 19(2) of Directive 2008/9/EC); if the refund application is approved, the refund must be paid within 4 months + 10 working days (Article 22 of Directive 2008/9/EC); these periods can be prolonged if the authorities competent in Northern Ireland ask additional information (Article 21 of Directive 2008/9/EC).
3.3. Taxable persons established outside the EU or in other parts of the United Kingdom with VAT paid on purchases of goods or imported goods in Northern Ireland
VAT refunds by the authorities competent in Northern Ireland to taxable persons established outside the EU or in other parts of the United Kingdom will be subject to the following conditions provided for in the 13th Directive77:
• The request must be submitted directly to the authorities competent in Northern Ireland, in accordance with the arrangements determined by them (Article 3(1) of the 13th Directive);
• The VAT refund may be subject to a reciprocity condition (meaning that the refund is only permitted if VAT refund is also granted by the third country or territory to taxable persons established in Northern Ireland (Article 2(2) of the 13th Directive);
• The authorities competent in Northern Ireland may require the taxable person established in a third country or territory to designate a tax representative in order to obtain the VAT refund (Article 2(3) of the 13th Directive).
The website of the Commission on taxation and customs union (https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/index_en) provides general information concerning the consequences of the United Kingdom withdrawal in the field of VAT. These pages will be updated with further information, where necessary.
76 Council Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 of 7 October 2010 on administrative cooperation and combating fraud in the field of value added tax, OJ L 268, 12.10.2010, p. 1.
77 Article 8 of the IE/NI Protocol and section 1 of annex 3 to that Protocol.